Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Abu Bakr - the First Muslim Caliph

Abu Bakr - the First Muslim Caliph Born to a wealthy family, Abu Bakr was a successful merchant with a reputation for honesty and kindness. Tradition has it that, having long been a friend to Muhammad, Abu Bakr immediately accepted him as a prophet and became the first adult male to convert to Islam. Muhammad married Abu Bakrs daughter Aishah and chose him to accompany him to Medina. Shortly before his death, Muhammad asked Abu Bakr to offer up a prayer for the people. This was taken as a sign that the Prophet had chosen Abu Bakr to succeed him. After Muhammads death, Abu Bakr was accepted as the first deputy of the Prophet of God, or caliph. Another faction preferred Muhammads son-in-law Ali as caliph, but Ali eventually submitted, and Abu Bakr took over governance of all Muslim Arabs. As Caliph, Abu Bakr brought all of central Arabia under Muslim control and was successful in spreading Islam further through conquest. He also saw to it that the Prophets sayings were preserved in written form. The collection of sayings would be compiled into the Quran (or Quran or Koran). Abu Bakr died in his sixties, possibly from poison but just as likely from natural causes. Before his death he named a successor, establishing a tradition of government by chosen successors. Several generations later, after rivalries led to murder and war, Islam would be split into two factions: the Sunni, who followed the Caliphs, and the Shiite, who believed that Ali was the proper heir of Muhammad and would only follow leaders descended from him. Also Known As El Siddik or Al-Siddiq (The Upright) Noted For Abu Bakr was the closest friend and companion of  Muhammad  and the first Muslim caliph. He was one of the first men to convert to Islam and was chosen by the Prophet as his companion on the  Hijrah  to Medina. Places of Residence and Influence Asia: Arabia Important Dates Born:  c. 573 Completed  Hijrah  to Medina:  Sept. 24, 622​ Died:  Aug. 23, 634 Quotation Attributed to Abu Bakr Our abode in this world is transitory, our life therein is but a loan, our breaths are numbered and our indolence is manifest.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Peyton Place Essays - 20th Century Fox Films, Peyton Place

Peyton Place Essays - 20th Century Fox Films, Peyton Place Peyton Place Peyton Place by Grace Metalious In 1956, a woman from middle class Manchester, New Hampshire wrote a book that shocked the nation. At 32 years old, Grace Metalious wrote the blockbuster novel Peyton Place. It transformed the publishing industry and made the author one of the most talked about people in the nation. Metalious wrote about incest, abortion, sex, rape, adultery, repression, lust, and the secrets of small town New England, things that were never discussed before in conservative America. She interpreted incest, wife beating, and poverty as social failures instead of individual flops. When Metalious published Peyton Place, the country was in the grasp of a new wave of sexual panic. The book turned the private into the political. The avant-garde disturbed the country and critics called the book wicked, sordid, and cheap. Canada declared it indecent and made the importation of the book illegal. Parts of Rhode Island, Indiana, and Nebraska followed suit arguing that the book would corrupt young minds. Wealthy communities banished Peyton Place. To read Peyton Place was to read it in secret and were sometimes discussed only among the closest of friends. Everyone was reading it college and high school students, college graduates, mothers, wives, and even husbands and fathers. In 1956, a sexual act such as sodomy, oral sex, and intercourse with another married person in most states was illegal. Also, abortion was illegal, and birth control was unreliable and in many cases, difficult to find. To many critics, Metalious book was not scandalous because of its case in point, but because of the sexual pleasures that were received and given by the female characters. Peyton Place begins with Indian summer in 1939. It takes place in a very descriptive, postcardesque New England town. The main story focuses on three women characters and their underlying search for their identities as sexual women in small town America. Allison Mackenzie is the bastard daughter of Constance Mackenzie who had an affair with a married man. She illegally changed Allisons birth certificate and lied to the Peyton Place locals that her husband died. Connie didnt want any of the town folk to find out the truth that the father of her child was a married man because she would become the town gossip of ridicule. She kept this secret to herself, and only to herself until an argument between her and Allison occurred when Connie thought Allison was having sex with one of her friends, and so she lashed out the truth to Allison. As a child, Allison was always teased about being childish, and not interested in boys, and always into books. But as she grew up she was full of conflict ing sexual emotions, and after graduating high school, she left Peyton Place to pursue a writing career in New York. Connie Mackenzie, to her neighbors, was a beautiful, young, widow that owned her own thrift store. Many eligible bachelors Everyone had a desire for her and wished to have her, until Thomas Makris, a teacher from New York City arrives into town to take the job of headmaster at the Peyton Place grade school. Thomas pursues Connie and terrified that he knows her secret, she avoids him. He shows up at her house one night and persuades her to a date, which leads to him raping her. They stay together and end up in marriage. As the third main female character, Selena Cross is probably the most significant. She was the same age as Allison. She lived in a shack with her little brother Joey, deranged mother and alcoholic stepfather, Lucas Cross. She lived an abusive life with Lucas drinking, beating her mother, beating her, and sexually violating her. He gets Selena pregnant a nd she secretly gets an illegal abortion from the town doctor, who forces Lucas to disappear from Peyton Place and never come back or everyone will know what he did to his daughter. Selena works at Connies store and becomes manager when her mother, stricken with cancer, commits suicide. In 1944, during a snowstorm, Lucas Cross, now part of the U.S. Navy, shows up at Selenas house drunk and coming on to her. One thing leads to another and she kills him,

Thursday, November 21, 2019

African-American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

African-American History - Essay Example In case they went for war both white and black soldiers fought side by side at times for the sovereignty of the United States2. Post-war period therefore brought with it huge and significant changes that are worth researching and elaboration. USA for centuries now has been dragging a huge burden of racial criticism and such periods in history as WWII have come to make the racism aspect more pronounced. This paper will look into the history of African Americans during and after the World War II while shedding light on the ideological shifts regarding racial segregation after the war together with white racial perspectives. Historians and researchers alike have come to offer their sentiments regarding World War II in a rather convergent manner. They have stated in a collective approach that this war was tyrannical and at the same time representing liberty. This war is analysed to have been between fascism and totalitarianism on one side and democracy on the other on a rather simple scale but its complexity in respect to American perspective was interesting. On one hand United States fought the Germans and Japanese because of their evil despots related to their lack of recognition for equality and freedom. This is where the complexity and irony creep in as far as United States is concerned. Right in their battle fields and within the armed forces, African Americans were hugely segregated in favour of white soldiers. The freedom and equality being fought for was being given by one hand and taken with the other by the United States from the African Americans. The reality that dawned on the African America ns was that they were in battle fighting two fronts at the same time; Jim Crow laws on one side (internally) and Axis powers on the other (externally)3. Racism and segregation were what the African Americans faced from their countrymen. For the black soldiers at war different living conditions which were obviously lower than those of the rest were in the offing.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Ancient Epic and Tragedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ancient Epic and Tragedy - Essay Example Seated around the altar of Zeus are Amphitryon, the man known as the father of Heracles, Megara, the wife of Heracles, and the three sons of Megara and Heracles. Heracles himself is believed to be dead, descended into the kingdom of Hades to retrieve the three-headed dog Cerberus, never to return. Amphitryon summarizes the history of the family as the play opens, introducing Megara and her three children and repeating the reason why Heracles had to leave his family. He embarked on his tasks for Eurystheus in order to succeed to the Fortress of Argos. However, because of the circumstances of his birth, Heracles has always to contend with the jealousy of Hera, the queen of heaven: ‘Whether Hera’s jealousy, or Fate’s decree, imposed/Such labours on him, who can say?’ (154) Heracles father is Zeus, the king of heaven, who seduced Alcmene, the wife of Amphitryon. Amphitryon raised Heracles as his own son and loves and protects Heracles’ sons as his grandc hildren. Megara’s father, Creon, was king of Thebes but has recently been deposed by Lycus; this makes their situation very bleak and dangerous, Amphitryon states: Grandfather, mother and children are hemmed in and threatened on all sides. Murder leads to more murder in the rhetoric of this kind of tragedy. Lycus, in order to seize and consolidate power, must murder the royal family and all their descendents and relatives he can get access to. So, the family tableau with which the play opens, is one of tragic proportions already as they are prisoners of Lycus surrounding the altar of Zeus to appeal to the gods for their help. Overruling anything Megara might be able to do, however, is the jealousy of Hera that manipulates the situation around Heracles. Megara asks: ‘So now, father, what hope, what means to save our lives/Have you in mind?’ (155). Hope is the talisman that Amphitryon hangs on to and ‘hope’ is centered upon Heracles.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Raising children can be stresful Research Proposal

Raising children can be stresful - Research Proposal Example Is parenting stressful or rewarding? Do you have the joy of parenthood? Or does parenthood leaves you with shattered dreams? Parenting is a heroic act and can be very stressful. You may be a stay at home or a working parent, single or married parent, mother or father, with one or several children, if you remain to stay cool, calm, and with full of vigor, you will be able get through the day (Child Development Institute, 2007). Children can be stubborn, grumpy, sensitive, angry, manipulative, wild or simply plain difficult. They always thought no other but themselves and they have an unpredictable temperament that oftentimes leaves you at a loss (Perry, 2008). The attitudes of your children leave you stressed and desolated. However, most of the time, it is on how we label our children makes parenting stressful. When a situation a parent should have with the child cannot be controlled, it is necessary that an appropriate approach on how to cope with the stress you have with your child should be embraced (Perry, 2008). These are: (1) Teaching your children limits and healthy self - expression; (2) model problem - solving strategies; (3) empathize with your children; (4) breakdown challenges into smaller steps; (5) project confidence in your child; (6) shape good, mature behavior, and (7) seek professional help. To avoid having violent and stressful environment with your child, it is important that the following must be observed: (1) offer your children the love and attention that he needs consistently; (2) make sure that your children are properly supervised; (3) show appropriate behavior to your children by the way you act; (4) do not apply physical punishments; (5) stick to your rules and disciplines; (6) teach your children about the dangers of firearms; (7) keep them away from violence (APA Online, 2008). Like adults, children also need to have love, care, attention, and

Friday, November 15, 2019

Exploring What Makes A Successful Leader Leadership Essay

Exploring What Makes A Successful Leader Leadership Essay A leader is destined a person who is leaded by the other persons. On the other hand, a leader is also must consequential to motivate security to get followers a leader hence they should to have concentrate, aim, and guidance and improve them with some expressions, opinion and action. Leadership is a mostly about a management activity which like communication and personally will control it and will be afford to achieve the company s goals. Other than that, the leader is knowledgeable to make people satisfied with themselves by accretion their self esteem. It is important to shatter down hurdles and create links, which is to demonstrate hurdles among departments, organisations, employees and customers. The leader s challenge is to build and spend in relationships and also makes a communication environment to his followers. The leadership s actions must help the team to get done the objectives, and fulfilling needs. A leader has to classify about the human nature life, and be skilled to express people reducing the team s doubts about ensuing. A few people assume that a leader is born for that way and there is no any additional way to practicing or learning to create a leader. They are thinking in the wrong way because inside of all human being there is a leader waiting to be awake and holding on a prospect to appear. The characteristics of a leader A few extraordinary characteristics are wanted to be developed inside the body of an individual, which no disbelief, have got to build a person good leader by outlook, gesture and performs. Different leaders have different kinds of natural characteristics and give the consciousness of being either energetic, proud, angry, kindly, soft natured or emotional. However there is something wanted to be overcome by all as common characteristics of a leader. Each one of the leaders happens to be honoured with some unique idiosyncrasies, called as a special characteristic of a leader. We are presenting over here a few obvious characteristics needed to be developed inside the individual as the general characteristics of a leader. One of the strange characteristics of a leader is he/she admitting his/ her disadvantages, weaknesses and failures. Such kind of characteristics expose respective leader s willingness to believe in high standard, victory and activity, which gives him/her the pleasure, praise and esteem or support from all walks of life. A leader should have a power of intuiting and taking precautionary steps in order to tame the challenging situations efficiently and successfully. Intuition, being one of the best characteristics of a leader, forecasts everything waited. It helps the respective leader to apprise public, in advance, a situation to cause its vigorous impact on the people perilously or constructively. In other words a good leader can arouse the sentiments against as well as in favor of individual, regime and power. An efficient leader should be equipped with a characteristic of predetermining the actions needed to be taken, in the time to come, in order to cope with contrary situations efficiently. Great ability to evaluate appropriate timing for the course of action is one of the crucial characteristics of a leader. Ability to develop a data of information on administrative structure, management, defense, budget, economy, relations, bureaucracy and analyzing them prolixly for their utilization are some of the additional characteristics needed to be developed by a leader. Managing, controlling and motivating/ persuading the arm forces or the public also are the required characteristics of a leader. Instead of asking the people to do something special, a good leader is needed to present an example before the public. It is a important characteristic of a good leader. Good leader should control his emotions and anger in public. He should motivate the public through his words and deeds without causing an impression that it may hurt common person as well. b) Seven personal qualities found in a good leader 1. A good leader has an exemplary character. It is of utmost importance that a leader is trustworthy to lead others. A leader needs to be trusted and be known to live their life with honestly and integrity. A good leader walks the talk and in doing so earns the right to have responsibility for others. True authority is born from respect for the good character and trustworthiness of the person who leads. 2. A good leader is enthusiastic about their work or cause and also about their role as leader. People will respond more openly to a person of passion and dedication. Leaders need to be able to be a source of inspiration, and be a motivator towards the required action or cause. Although the responsibilities and roles of a leader may be different, the leader needs to be seen to be part of the team working towards the goal. This kind of leader will not be afraid to roll up their sleeves and get dirty. 3. A good leader is confident. In order to lead and set direction a leader needs to appear confident as a person and in the leadership role. Such a person inspires confidence in others and draws out the trust and best efforts of the team to complete the task well. A leader who conveys confidence towards the proposed objective inspires the best effort from team members. 4. A leader also needs to function in an orderly and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty. People look to the leader during times of uncertainty and unfamiliarity and find reassurance and security when the leader portrays confidence and a positive demeanor. 5. Good leaders are tolerant of ambiguity and remain calm, composed and steadfast to the main purpose. Storms, emotions, and crises come and go and a good leader takes these as part of the journey and keeps a cool head. 6. A good leader, as well as keeping the main goal in focus, is able to think analytically. Not only does a good leader view a situation as a whole, but is able to break it down into sub parts for closer inspection. While keeping the goal in view, a good leader can break it down into manageable steps and make progress towards it. 7. A good leader is committed to excellence. Second best does not lead to success. The good leader not only maintains high standards, but also is proactive in raising the bar in order to achieve excellence in all areas. These seven personal characteristics are foundational to good leadership. Some characteristics may be more naturally present in the personality of a leader. However, each of these characteristics can also be developed and strengthened. A good leader whether they naturally possess these qualities or not, will be diligent to consistently develop and strengthen them in their leadership role. Overall, leadership involves being an effective communicator, being trustworthy, and being ambitious. The leader needs to be able to connect on some level with his followers. His followers need to be able to depend on him. Lastly, he needs the inner motivation to want to lead the group of people Leaders know how to make people function in a collaborative fashion, and how to motivate them to excel their performance. Leaders also know how to balance the individual team members quest with the goal of producing synergy ( ) an outcome that exceeds the sum of individual inputs. Leaders require that their team members forego the quest for personal best in concert with the team effort.9 An important measure of a leaders own success is the success of his or her followers. The strength of a leader is measured by the ability to facilitate the self-leadership of others. The first critical step towards this goal is to master self-leadership. If leaders want to lead somebody, they must first lead themselves. Successful person Success is the achievement of a desired aim, fame, wealth or social position. So a successful person is somebody who has been able to achieve an aim, fame, wealth or social position. A successful person is somebody who has been able to start a project (no matter how small it is) and see it to the end and should also have guided quiet a number of people to bring their own projects to completion. I believe this is a complete definition of success. A successful individual is the most powerful force for change and happiness on the face of the earth or in all of existence. A successful person achieves their goals no matter what they may be. Sure, success can be anything though, as long as it is a positively achievable ideal. Genuine achievement comes down to a positive ideal in every way that counts. Negative ideals are failure, and the ultimate failure is a dead psyche, not necessarily physical death so much. A dead psyche with a living body is an obvious failure because of the fact that potential is wasted being a conscious failure. Successful people also are strong believers. They believe in themselves and also in God. Successful people are also very self responsible. They realize that they have a choice in life and that they are responsible for whatever outcome of their effort. They don t blame anyone or anything for their mistakes but make a positive choice to change their style of approach for better outcome in the future. Don t blame anyone for your failure. Just learn from it and move on. Usually this is how the successful people think. Successful people are also very committed to their goals. They don t give up on their goals whenever things go wrong. They do whatever within their resources and turn the problem into opportunity leading to their success. a) The Qualities of Successful Person Different person value success differently, but you would be hard pressed to find anyone that doesnt want to be successful by their own definition of the word. Like anything that is worth your time, success doesn t come easy and it will most definitely not come without effort. Regardless of the arena in which you want to succeed, there are qualities that all successful person possess. When you want to be great, you should look up to great person and apply elements from their road map to your own life. There are six of the qualities to achieve success:- 1. Master your craft Becoming a master in a field does not necessarily mean that you obtain a Masters degree in your profession. Mastering your craft will be a continual process because there is always room for improvement. Learn everything you can about your field and become an expert. Always be open to learn new things and make the effort to gain and fine tune your skills. 2. Be consistent or Stay focused Stay focused on your goals; let them become the air you breathe. Work on your craft consistently. Be sure to give whatever you set out to do ample attention so that you yield desirable results. Whatever you give your attention and that is what will grow and to achieve success, you have to stick with it. Remember that if youre working five times as hard on something, there is someone out there, likely your competition who is working 10 times as hard. Even if youre not able to dedicate every single day to a project, be consistent with the time and effort you can put toward your goals. 3. Take responsibility Take on the responsibility of accomplishing your goals and being successful, because no one else will do that for you. Your goals are your own and you have to be the captain of your own ship if you want to be successful. This means, that you cannot blame anyone for anything and you should also not make any excuses for anything that doesn t happen or that goes wrong; take responsibility for yourself and your dreams. Try to enact change and control to some extent over your project(s). 4. Perfect your time management skills All you have in this life is time and you determine what you will spend your time doing. At times there are many factors that take up your time, and this is where time management comes in. Successful people know that there is a time for everything. Once youve set aside time to do something, be sure you spend your time doing just what you set out to do because this is the only way to make sure you accomplish your goals. 5. Plan You have to plan for your success. In every aspect of your life you will have to make and follow through on your plans. You have to plan your daily life and you have to set short term and long term goals in order to gage your progress. See where you want to be and create a road map (plans) to get there. 6. 7. Surround yourself with positive and motivating people As sure as the guarantee of moving company insurance the company you keep will affect when, how, and if you achieve success. Its imperative to surround yourself with people that will bring you up and not pull you down. This doesn t mean that you have to cut off your friends, but spend time around people who will motivate you to help you stay focused and motivated on your goals. b) The characteristic of successful person Successful People certainly share a set of common personality characteristics. Here s a checklist of personality characteristics shared by Successful People. 1. Always dream big Successful people always see the big picture . It takes the same effort to dream big as it does to dream small. You have to believe it s possible. 2. Have passion Successful People are passionate about all they do. They jump right in and do what they do with panache and style. They don t do things by halves. Do what you love and love what you do Success is more than just money it s being challenged, happy, and passionate about what you do, and the success and money will follow. 3. Have clear vision and focus Keep your Vision clearly focused before you. Live your highest Vision, and affirm it every day with joy and fun. 4. Maintain powerfully supportive positive beliefs Successful people always see the positive. It s vitally important to your success that you cultivate positive Beliefs. When we try to make changes, our brain and ego goes for a search in our inner filing cabinet of beliefs to support the status quo. When opposing beliefs show up people tend to cave in. 5. Maintain a deep conviction that you will and deserve to achieve the success you desire True winners know they deserve. Don t waver because the Universe will pick up on your equivocation and think you re really not serious about wanting it. 6. Know how to work with the law of attraction to achieve success Access and put into practice Law of Attraction principles to help you Get What You Want One of the most important traits of successful person is their integrity. In my opinion integrity is what a person would do without anyone watching. A person with integrity will always go the extra mile for others and do what is right. They do this because they themselves know it s the right thing to do. Their actions are not based off of what society thinks or individuals around them, but from their own moral character. A successful person with integrity outshines all others. They go the extra mile to help people, and their moral character never sways. They have strong beliefs and will do whatever it takes to accomplish the goal at hand. The trait of integrity builds long lasting relationships because a person with integrity is always true to themselves and others. People of integrity also make great leaders because people can count on that person to always do what is right. On the journey to success and while influencing others we must always keep our integrity in check. We must have strong moral commitments, and never let them waiver. Believe in our self and believe in others. Integrity is the wind against our sail. The stronger our integrity the faster we will get to what we desire and we will not only accomplish much, but will also have a long lasting effect on others.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Unbundled Business Models: Arm’s Focus on IP

This is my first not-technical blog post more towards the business side which I know very little about but still worth trying. I will be discussing the â€Å"unbundled business model† and why ARM is focusing only on designing IP cores. I came across the term unbundled business model in a book called â€Å"Business model generation† by Alexander OsterWalder and Yves Pigneur. Which is a fantastic book and they really take the reader through the entire planning process of a business or business model generation. As most electronic engineers will be aware, ARM holdings which stands for Advanced RISC Machines (Acorn RISC Machines at time of foundation) is a British Intellectual Property licensing company. So basically they license their proprietary processor cores to semiconductor companies like Apple, texas instruments, Freescale, Qualcomm, NVIDIA etc. These cores are specifically popular in mobile computing because of their low power consumption characteristics. In fact almost all of the recent smart phone processors are based on an ARM core. Err I guess we are diverting to electronics again, coming back to the company. So the company has a unique business model, unlike other semiconductor companies like Intel or microchip who design and manufacture their processors. ARM is specialized in designing the barebones of the processor, the core (which technically is a bunch of hardware synthesis files containing thousands of lines of Verilog code, or any other language) and gives out this code to semiconductor companies to let them manufacture their own customized processor. Unbundling Business Models: The term â€Å"unbundled corporation† was coined by John Hagel and Marc Singer and it suggests that there are three types of businesses: Customer Relationship businesses, product innovation businesses and Infrastructure businesses. These sectors require different skill sets are separate entities of a corporation or ideally a separate business itself. The role of Customer Relationship business is acquiring customer and building relationships with them. Similarly product innovation businesses are involved in development of new products and services, while the role of infrastructure businesses is to manage the platform for high volume, repetitive tasks like assembly lines, logistics etc. ARM can be effectively placed into the product innovation category; they are focused on development of their IP cores for which they are well-known for. This keeps the company’s operations aligned with the target which is to build low-power high performance cores. Their business is centered on engineers, talented and creative minds which design their products and keep them ahead of the competition. Customers are not their focus, well at least not directly, customer relationship are taken care at multiple levels by the chip manufacturer, the equipment manufacturer and then the end-user company. This is a win-win situation as the result is a better product and customer satisfaction. Another company which recently unbundled the business is Dell Inc. hich shifted its focus from manufacturing to customer relationship and marketing. Reason being contract manufacturers like Clevo produce computers more cheaply as their entire focus is on finding efficiencies in manufacturing. This means Dell can focus on the brand and building customer relationship which is a much more robust business plan. It is the basic question â€Å"What business are we in? † and finding what is the key business activity. If we try to manage activities across too broad a waterfront, we run a risk of losing our edge across more and more of his waterfront. The business model has worked out well for ARM and in year 2010, 6. 1 billion ARM based chips were sold. ARM’s goal is to have ARM-based processors in more than half of all tablets, mini-notebooks and other mobile PCs sold by 2015. Leave your comments below about what you think about the ARM business model and by the way check out my project Portoscope an open source mini oscilloscope, it runs on an ARM based processor

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Listening and Speaking Actively

Running Head: DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 1 DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 2 What is SELF? The definition of self has intrigued many people throughout the ages. Ancient conceptions defined self in terms of a soul; a â€Å"vital, immaterial, life-principle, or ‘essence’ of humans† (Baldwin, 2000, p. 41). Today self is defined as the total essential or particular being of a person; the individual. But what really is self? Gerry Fewster, (2001) argues that self exists at the core of our experiencing.Some might say that self is not only the core of our experience, but of our existence, the centrality of that which we are. Self has become â€Å"central to the effective helping process in all aspects of the system from service design to delivery† (Garfat and Charles, 2006, p. 7). Self can mean being self-aware, and that knowledge, awareness, and understanding all about self are key (Ranahan, 2000; Ricks, 2006). Garfat and Charles (2006) state that â€Å"knowing self is not a tool, a technique or a strategy. It is a way of being; being in awareness, being present† (p. 6).Garfat and Charles emphasize on ‘knowing self’, because our interpretations are influenced by our particular way of perceiving and experiencing. Traditional ideas of knowing self generally apply to the field of work, Seaton, (2003) declares that effectiveness on knowing self as an active listener and speaker relies upon a workers ability to â€Å"regulate, adjust, and fine tune themselves to the specific needs and situation of the client, to be conscious†(p. 54). Frances Ricks (2001) had agreed that without these abilities, and â€Å"without self, there is no such thing as other†.Garfat and Charles (2006) and Mishna and Bogo (2007) expand on the relational use of self. The focus is on self reflection and authenticity. Developing the skill of active awareness DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS 3 helps identify and investigate the exchanges between a Child and Youth Care practitioner and his/her client. Therefore, having knowledge behind their actions, they are aware and able to prevent the therapist’s own experiences or wants/needs from taking over his/her perceptions and interfering with actions.By practicing self awareness it allows the practitioner to be connected, which leads to being authentic and genuine as well as using the attitudes learned from Active Communication with others (Arnd-Caddigan and Pozzuto, 2008; Garfat and Charles, 2006; Westra, 1996). â€Å"Becoming aware of how our beliefs, values, and ethics impact on us personally; we can also become aware of how they impact on our presentation to our clients† (Eldson, 1998). Understanding self-awareness means to understand self and others when â€Å"self is very clearly, obviously, present† (Ricks, 2006; Baldwin, 2000, p. 9-30). Greene, Jensen, and Jones (1996) say skillful â€Å"use of self† is an integral part of developing an effective relat ionship, which in turn, can be put towards the understanding of becoming an effective Active Listener and Speaker. By having this ability to understand the roles of effective listening and speaking through active communication, self becomes more and more important as one progresses through various stages of development as a Child and Youth Care professional (Phelan, 1990; Westra, 1996).The professional use of self: the use of one’s own personal resources (including one’s own emotions, as well as certain skills and techniques) achieve real communication. (Ward, 1998) Developing Self- Awareness as a Integral Part of Becoming an Effective Active Listener and Speaker allows familiarity to occur between knowledge of self, awareness of self, and understanding the role of self in relationships with others. Fewster, (2001) shares that in fullest DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 4 form the word ‘self’ is more than physical, more than emotional, and more than cognitive.It is the sum total of all our aspects, and even more. Self is active, constant, always present, and workers bring self to the moment, to the now. (Kruger, 2007) References Arnd-Caddigan, M. & Pozzuto, R. (2008). Use of self in relational clinical social work. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 235-243. Baldwin, D. C. (2000). Some philosophical and psychological contributions to the use of self in therapy. In M. Baldwin (Ed. ), The Use of self in therapy,(pp. 39-60). New York: The Haworth press. Elsdon, I. (1998).Educating toward awareness: self-awareness in ethical decision making for child and youth care workers. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 12(3), 55-67. Fewster, G. (2001). Turning myself inside out: my personal theory of me. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 15(4), 89-108. Garfat, T. and Charles, G. (2006). How am I who I am? Self in Child and Youth Care practice. Relational Child and Youth Care Practice, 20(3), 6-16. Greene, G. J. , Jensen, C. , & Jones, D. H. (1996). A constructivist perspective on clinical social work practice with ethnically diverse clients.Social Work, 41(2), 172-180. Kruger, M. (2007). Sketching Youth, Self and Youth Work. Rotterdam: Sense Publishing. Phelan, J. (1990). Child care supervision: the neglected skill of evaluation. In J. P. Anglin, C. J. Denholm, R. V. Ferguson and A. R. Pence (Eds. ). Perspectives in Professional Child and Youth Care. New York : Haworth. Ranahan, P. (2000) Reaching beyond caring to loving in Child and Youth Care practice. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 13(4), 55-65. Ricks, F. (2006).Thus conscience does make cowards of us all: The need for moral courage in these times. Child and Youth Care Online, Available here: http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0507-ricks. html. Rogerson, J. (2012) In Class Notes. Seaton, C. (2003) Empowered use of self in social work: Understanding personal narrative through guided biography. Social Work, 31(1), 53-77. Ward, A. (1998). Intuition is Not Enough: Match ing Learning with Practice in Therapeutic Child Care. New York: Routledge. Westra, M. (1996). Active Communication, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 introduced Essays

Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 introduced Essays Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 introduced Paper Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 introduced Paper Introduction: In this essay, I shall get down with an scrutiny of the jurisprudence prior to 1stMarch 1988, when Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 came into force in the Law of England and Wales, placing the grounds for the origin of the Act and the subsequent intents of this reform-legislation. I shall so discourse the content of the Act with peculiar focal point on its range ; i.e. who can action, who can be sued, and what sorts of amendss are recoverable under the statute law etc. Having made this appraisal, I shall so measure to what extent the 1987 Act has made a important impact on the jurisprudence refering to faulty merchandises, and the place of both consumers and makers in the UK, and hence to what extent I agree with the hypothesis offered that â€Å"the impact of the 1987 Act upon makers has been far less drastic than they ab initio feared.† I shall reason this essay by critically measuring Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, and asseverating to what extent I believe the Act has been successful in accomplishing its purposes. The place prior to the Consumer Protection Act 1987: Prior to the origin of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, the jurisprudence refering to liability for faulty merchandises was grounded in common jurisprudence, with makers liability being established for the first clip in the UK by the instance of Donoghue v Stevenson [ 1 ] , and the Sale of Goods Act 1979, s13, 14 and 15 of which imply certain footings into Sale contracts refering to a seller’s duties to sell merchandises which are fit for their intent and of satisfactory quality, failure to make so ensuing in contractual liability and awards of amendss for any losingss suffered as a consequence of such breach [ 2 ] , including those originating from harm to belongings, and more significantly, amendss for any resulting personal hurt [ 3 ] . This rigorous contractual liability for faulty merchandises meant that, in instances where a Claimant wished to action a merchandiser [ 4 ] for losingss originating from faulty merchandises sold, the function of Tort jurisprudence remained instead excess, claimants merely trusting on such an avenue where the marketer in inquiry had later become bankrupt, where they wished to trust on the longer restriction periods stipulated for claims of this sort, or where the claimant was in fact non a party to the sale contract, and as such was non, by virtuousness of the rule of contractual privity, entitled to action under the Sale of Goods Act 1979. In contrast, where a Claimant wished to action a maker for losingss originating from faulty merchandises sold by an intermediary seller, the lone possible avenue available would be line of instance jurisprudence routing from the instance of D v S. Such liability was fault-based in signifier, instead than being rigorous, and as such was deemed to be out of line with the bing jurisprudence in this country. Such calls for reform are non surprising if one considers the fact that the UK was, at this clip, in the thick of a by and large consumer-driven economic market, concerned with consumer protection and the inequalities which had been identified as bing between the consumer and the corporation, and a society preoccupied with rectifying this instability. At least four major reform proposals were put frontward between 1976 and 1985 ; viz. , the Strasbourg Convention [ 5 ] , the Recommendations of the Scottish and English Law Commissions [ 6 ] , the study of the Pearson Commission [ 7 ] a nd the EEC Directive 85/374/EEC. Arguably, it was preponderantly the latter of these paperss, which compelled the legislative to take reform of makers merchandise liability earnestly, and two old ages subsequently, in 1987 [ 8 ] , the Consumer Protection Act was born, Part 1 of which purports to supply consumers with statutory rigorous liability protection from makers who make faulty merchandises for retail in the UK market place ; this provides such consumers with an alternate class of action from the fault-based liability established by the instance of Donoghue v Stevenson in the civil wrong of carelessness. Before we begin to see how successful this Act was in accomplishing its purposes and what impact this piece of statute law has had on consumers and makers likewise, allow us foremost analyze the commissariats of the Act in some item: Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 ; presenting strict tortious liability for faulty merchandises in the United kingdom: There are several facets of the statute law which we must turn to in order to determine its range. These are as follows: 1 ] Who can be apt under the Act? 2 ] What merchandises are covered by the Act? 3 ] Who can action under the Act? 4 ] What kind of harm is protected against by the Act? 5 ] What defense mechanisms are available to a qualified suspect, if any? 6 ] Can liability be excluded so that this Act has no impact on manufacturers/ manufacturers? Let us turn to each of these inquiries in bend: 1 ] Who can be apt under the Act? Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 is designed to enforce liability on the manufacturer/ assembly program of a merchandise, and non on the provider, after all, there is already rigorous liability for such retail merchants under the implied footings of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. S2 ( 2 ) of the Act lists three classs of maker who may be apt under Part 1 of the Act. The first of these is the manufacturer of the merchandise, and ‘producer’ is defined under s1 ( 2 ) of the Act as: â€Å" ( a ) the individual who manufactured it ; ( B ) in the instance of a substance which has non been manufactured but has been won or abstracted, the individual who won or abstracted it ; ( degree Celsius ) in the instance of a merchandise which has non been manufactured, won or abstracted but indispensable features of which are attributable to an industrial or other procedure holding been carried out ( for illustration in relation to agricultural green goods ) , the individual who carried out that process.† Whilst this class seems pretty self-explanatory, it should be noted that where a merchandise causes harm due to a defect in a component portion of that merchandise, both the manufacturer of that constituent, and besides the manufacturer of the merchandise incorporating that constituent will be to the full apt for such harm under this Act. The consumer can take which individual to action, or can action both parties, although, by virtuousness of the philosophy of contributory carelessness, the entire amendss awarded will non transcend the value which would hold been awarded had merely one party been sued for the faulty merchandise, i.e. each manufacturer will pay a part of the amendss, the proportions of the several parts to be determined by the tribunal in conformity with the Civil Liability ( Contributions ) Act 1978. The 2nd class of individual who can be found apt under s2 ( 2 ) of Part1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 is the â€Å"own brander [ 9 ] .† The Act defines such a individual as: â€Å"any individual who by seting his name on the merchandise or utilizing a trade grade or other separating grade in relation to the merchandise, has held himself out to be the manufacturer of that product.† It should be noted that this description is really similar to the diction contained in the EEC Directive 85/374/EEC [ 10 ] . The range of this class if suspect is non every bit broad as it may at first appear to be ; after all, for a provider to keep themselves out as the manufacturer of their points, the labelling must do the consumer really believe that it was the provider themselves who manufactured the merchandise and who would believe, for illustration, that the St Michael trade name of Marks A ; Spencer’s really produces the goods themselves, instead than undertaking a production company to make so on their behalf? Likewise, where a product-label provinces that the merchandise has been ‘manufactured for’ the company, or has been ‘selected by the company’ , this must needfully prevent the company from coming under the definition as contained in s2 ( 2 ) ( B ) of the Act, and besides hence from being sued under Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987. The 3rd class of suspect contained within s2 ( 2 ) of Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, is the provider who has imported a merchandise from exterior of the European Union ; by virtuousness of s2 ( 2 ) ( degree Celsius ) that importer will be apt for any losingss ensuing from any defects in that merchandise [ 11 ] . I stated above that ‘S2 ( 2 ) of the Act lists three classs of maker who may be apt under Part 1 of the Act’ , and besides that ‘Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 is designed to enforce liability on the manufacturer/ assembly program of a merchandise, and non on the supplier.’ It should be noted that there is a 4th class of possible suspects contained in s2 ( 3 ) of the Act, and this is a provider who, holding been approached by a consumer and asked to place the manufacturer of a merchandise which has been purchased by that consumer from that provider, has declined to supply such information, or has failed to make so within a sensible clip. Such a provider will be held apt as if he were the manufacturer. Whilst this seems contrary to any old impressions of tortious liability, this proviso is indispensable to the smooth operation of s2 ( 2 ) and Part 1 of the Act in general ; if the consumer is unable to happen the individuality of the manufacturer, he would be unable to action for any defects. If it is the provider who has prevented the individuality of the manufacturer from being disclosed, so it seems merely just that the provider should be punished for interfering in the operation of this Act, and held apt. In pattern, all this subdivision will make is to guarantee that providers are prompt in their response to petitions from consumers sing the designation of the manufacturer in inquiry and besides more efficient in the maintaining of correct records refering to the makers of their goods, and as such, my old statements that ‘S2 ( 2 ) of the Act liststhreeclasss of maker who may be apt under Part 1 of the Act’ , and besides that ‘Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 is designed to enforce liability on the manufacturer/ assembly program of a merchandise, andnon on the provider, ’ should still be considered to be a well right description of the current jurisprudence. 2 ] What merchandises are covered by the Act? S1 ( 2 ) of the Act states that the type of merchandise which is covered under this statute law is â€Å"any goods or electricity, † goods being farther defined in s45 ( 1 ) of the Act as including â€Å"any substances [ including blood it would look [ 12 ] ] , turning harvests, and things comprised in land by virtuousness of being attached to it and any ship, aircraft or vehicle.† It would therefore look that a defect in a constituent of a edifice would ensue in the manufacturer of that constituent being apt for the attendant prostration of that edifice, whereas a builder would non be apt under this peculiar Act for defects in the edifice itself caused by his cheapjack craft. This latter averment is supported, if merely in consequence, by ss4 ( 1 ) ( B ) , 46 ( 3 ) and 46 ( 4 ) of the Act. In relation to information, it would look that information couldn’t signifier the capable affair of a claim under this piece of statute law, even though such information may be touchable in signifier [ e.g. a book ] [ 13 ] . An exclusion to this might be package ; the line between package and hardware being really hard to pull sanely ; for illustration, a modem can be package or hardware based ; if a maker of a hardware modem could be apt under this Act, so certainly so excessively could a manufacturer of the package version which performs precisely the same map. 3 ] Who can action under the Act? Any individual can action as consumer under this Act if they have suffered any losingss as a consequence of a faulty merchandise. It is irrelevant whether or non the goods were really purchased by the claimant ; as the Act provinces, consumer includes â€Å"anyone injured by the goods or anyone whose belongings was damaged as a consequence of the defect.† 4 ] What kind of harm is protected against by the Act? There is no limitation on the sum of amendss capable of being sought for decease or personal hurt, as distinguishable from the European Directive, which imposes a bound of 70 million euros. Such a limitation in UK jurisprudence would be impractical. Sing amendss for losingss fluxing from belongings harm nevertheless, there are several restrictions which operate under this Act ; s5 ( 2 ) of the Act stipulates that no losingss from any harm caused to the faulty merchandise can be sought under this Act, nor from any harm caused to any accoutrement which was supplied with the merchandise. Under s5 ( 4 ) of the Act, no liability arises under this Act unless the amendss ( apart from involvement ) would be at least ?275. There does non look to be a convincing principle for this arbitrary figure, other than that it represents an sum below which most judicial proceeding canvassers in the UK would non urge shiping on a jurisprudence suit. Finally, s5 ( 3 ) of the Act precludes liability for am endss ensuing from a merchandise which is non ‘ordinarily intended for private usage or is non chiefly so intended by the claimant. Obviously there must besides be a defect in the merchandise for liability to originate, desert holding been defined in Section 3 of Part 1 of the Act as being present where â€Å"the safety of the merchandise is non such as individuals by and large are entitled to expect.† The fortunes that should be taken into history by the tribunal when finding whether or non this definition has been satisfied include ( a ) the mode in which, and the intents for which, the merchandise has been marketed, its get-up, the usage of any grade in relation to the merchandise and any instructions for, or warnings with regard to, making or forbearing from making anything in relation to the merchandise ; ( B ) what might be moderately expected to be done with or in relation to the merchandise, and ; ( degree Celsius ) the clip when the merchandise was supplied by its manufacturer to another ; and nil shall necessitate a defect to be inferred from the fact entirely that the safety of a merchandise whi ch is supplied after that clip is greater than the safety of the merchandise in inquiry. [ 14 ] † In pattern, this criterion will be set by the tribunals, and does non depend upon public sentiment ; after all, in a litigious society, public outlook may be excessively high. For non-standard merchandises, i.e. those which are non in the signifier as intended by the maker, all the Claimant must turn out is that the merchandise was non-standard, and that the non-standard characteristic of the merchandise in inquiry was unsafe and responsible for the harm suffered. For standard merchandises, built-in dangers, such as the crisp borders of a cooking knife merchandise, should merely be protected against in so far as is sensible to make so in visible radiation of the grade of benefit enjoyed by the merchandise, i.e. would the benefit of holding a cheaper merchandise without the safety guard outweigh the benefit of holding greater safety at an increased monetary value to the consumer. Again, this value-judgement will be decided by the tribunals on a individual footing, and no preparation is offered by the Act to assist do this deliberation, and the ground for this is the frequently unquantifiable nature of the benefits involved in such hazard appraisals. Where hazards are non obvious to a consumer, so a standard merchandise may be deemed faulty on the simple fact that the maker did non supply a warning or instructions on proper usage of the merchandise. Again, there is no statutory guideline as to what grade of item in such instructions/warnings are indispensable, but a maker should mistake on the side of action to avoid liability for faulty criterion merchandises on this land. 5 ] What defense mechanisms are available to a qualified suspect, if any? S4 ( 2 ) of the Act states that if the Defendant manufacturer can turn out that â€Å"the province of scientific and proficient cognition at the relevant clip was non such that a manufacturer of merchandises of the same description of the merchandise in inquiry might be expected to hold discovered the defect if it had existed in his merchandises while they were under his control.† The logical thinking behind this defense mechanism is clear ; it would wrong in both rule and pattern for concerns to be held apt for defects that they could non perchance have foreseen [ 15 ] . In the instance of A 5 National Blood Authority [ 16 ] it was clarified that this defense mechanism will merely use â€Å"if there is no cognition of the being of the hazard in a generic sense, and one time this cognition has been acquired, the maker produces at his ain hazard, even if it is impossible to place the person, non-standard merchandises in which that hazard is present.† Other defense mechanisms available for a Defendant include where the defect in inquiry was in fact a demand by jurisprudence [ 17 ] [ e.g. where the jurisprudence requires a constituent to be present, but the really presence of that constituent has lead to the merchandise being rendered faulty ] , where the Defendant did non provide the merchandise to anyone [ 18 ] [ i.e. the merchandise had neer been distributed amongst the public ] , where the merchandise in inquiry was supplied non-commercially [ 19 ] [ e.g. the provider of a bar to a party would non be apt for defects in that bar ] , where the defect did non be in the merchandise at the clip of circulation [ 20 ] [ e.g. defects that have arisen from sensible wear and tear of the merchandise ] and that ( vitamin E ) â€Å"the defect ( I ) constituted a defect in a merchandise ( ‘the subsequent product’ ) in which the merchandise in inquiry had been comprised AND ( two ) was entirely attributable to the design of the subsequent merchandise or to compliance by the manufacturer of the merchandise in inquiry with instructions given by the manufacturer of the subsequent product.† 6 ] Exclusion of Liability: Can liability be excluded so that this Act has no impact on manufacturers/ manufacturers? Section 7 of the Act invalidates any efforts by a maker or manufacturer to restrict or except their liability â€Å"by any contract term, by any notice or by any other provision.† This does non nevertheless preclude manufacturers and assembly programs apportioning hazard of liability amongst them. Inferences and decisions: My illations and decisions shall be provided in response to the undermentioned inquiries: A ] To what extent has the 1987 Act made a important impact on the jurisprudence refering to defective merchandises? B ] To what extent has the 1987 Act made a important impact on the place of both consumers and makers in the UK? C ] To what extent is the undermentioned statement correct? â€Å"The impact of the 1987 Act upon makers has been far less drastic than they ab initio feared.† D ] To what extent has Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 been successful in accomplishing its purposes? Let us near each of these inquiries in bend: A ] To what extent has the 1987 Act made a important impact on the jurisprudence refering to defective merchandises? In theory, Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 is one of the most of import reforms made to the jurisprudence of civil wrong in England and Wales. It purports to enforce rigorous non-fault based liability on manufacturers of faulty merchandises in line with the European Directive on Consumer Protection ( 1985 ) . In pattern nevertheless, we have seen that many defense mechanisms are available to such a manufacturer, defense mechanisms which in topographic points seem to re-impose a cogent evidence of mistake demand of a Claimant under this Act. For illustration, the defense mechanism contained in s4 ( 2 ) requires the Claimant to turn out that the manufacturer should hold known about the defect and the harm that it would do in visible radiation of the scientific cognition available to him at the clip of production. This seems more like standard civil wrong of carelessness cogent evidence demands instead than rigorous liability. I would reason that the impact on the jurisprudence is non every bit important as one might, prima facie, believe. The ‘strict’ liability, by virtuousness of the defense mechanisms available, no that far removed from the mistake demands of traditional civil wrong jurisprudence. B ] To what extent has the 1987 Act made a important impact on the place of both consumers and makers in the UK? In visible radiation of my decisions above, I would reason that so far the impact of this statute law of consumers and makers is non peculiarly important ; the responsibilities on the manufacturers of merchandises have non been well increased if one takes into history the ‘no-fault’ based nature of the available defense mechanisms in s4 of the Act. C ] To what extent is the undermentioned statement correct? â€Å"The imtreaty of the 1987 Act upon makers has been far less drastic than they ab initio feared.† In visible radiation of my decisions above, I would hence hold to reason that I agree with the above statement. D ] To what extent has Part 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 been successful in accomplishing its purposes? I believe that there is grounds to propose that the lone purpose of this statute law was to convey UK jurisprudence in line with the demands of the 1985 European Directive of Consumer Protection. With this in head, the purpose has been satisfied. The UK legislative antecedently refused three reform proposals bespeaking a rigorous liability attack to this country of jurisprudence, viz. , the Strasbourg Convention [ 21 ] , the Recommendations of the Scottish and English Law Commissions [ 22 ] and the study of the Pearson Commission [ 23 ] , and merely changed the jurisprudence when ordered to by the EEC Directive. I think this groundss my above proposition, as does the reading of the Directive to integrate as many of the permitted/discretionary defense mechanisms available as possible, guaranting that our civil wrong jurisprudence is non radically changed by this new piece of statute law. If the purpose of the Act was to make rigorous liability, so it has failed. If the purpose was to follow with the European Directive 85/374/EEC in a manner that would non alter our preexistent civil wrong jurisprudence into something where makers would be held apt for things beyond their sensible control, so I feel the UK legislative has achieved this purpose laudably. It is the latter of the two decisions with which I shall agree. Bibliography: Prashant, P. Defects and the CPA 1987 New Law Journal 1st December 2000. Freeman, R. Strict liability Torahs Consumer protection Act commissariats fail to help claimants in three recent instances. J.P.I.L. 2001. 1.26-36. ( Westlaw ) Gilker, P. Strict Liability for faulty Merchandises: The Ongoing Argument Business Law Review Vol 24 No4 April 2003. Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort ( 16ThursdayEdition, Sweet A ; Maxwell ) 2002 European Convention on Product Liability in Regard to Personal Injury and Death, Dir Jun ( 76 ) 5 Simon Whittaker â€Å"European Product Liability and Intellectual Products.† ( 1989 ) 105 L.Q.R. 125 DTI’s Consultative Document on the Directive 1

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on Death Penalty

The Death Penalty Introduction: The death penalty is a hot topic on many people’s minds these days. From John Lee Malvo to innocent citizens on death row, everybody seems to have an opinion on this touchy subject. Having just returned from a semester studying abroad in Spain, my conversations with people from other cultures has altered my view on this controversial issue. Before these conversations, I would not consider myself an advocate of the death penalty, but I was definitely not against it. In fact, when confronted (unconfrontationally) by foreigners, I would support the federal death penalty, arguing that our streets were safer with these murderers and rapists getting what they deserved. I would argue that children and elderly women were being taken advantage of by these coward criminals and I would point to the instances when a paroled convict would be let free only to commit these inhumane crimes again. But when all was said and done, these people convinced me that maybe our leg al system wasn’t as fool proof as I had thought. Within this paper, I hope to show some of the factors that influenced my change of opinion. Background: The United States federal death penalty was first used on June 25, 1790, when Thomas Bird was hanged for murder in Maine. Since then, according to studies by the Capital Punishment Research Project, 336 men and 4 women have been executed under federal backing. Of these inmates, 134 (39%) were white; 118 (35%) black; 63 (19%) Native American; and 25 (7%) were Hispanic or unknown. The federal government has utilized hanging, electrocution, and the gas chamber to execute these 340 prisoners. The majority of inmates were executed for murder or crimes resulting in murder, but convictions for piracy, rape, rioting, kidnapping, and spying and espionage also yielded federal executions. The Questions: As presented in class, sociologists generally use two definitions in the identificatio... Free Essays on Death Penalty Free Essays on Death Penalty To kill or not to kill is a extremely arguable question in society today. This question has been asked for years and will be asked for many years to come. Capital punishment has been in America since the early seventeenth century. The first recorded execution in America was that of Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608.Tthe cost of keeping a 25-year-old inmate for 50 years at amounts to $805,000. Assuming 75 years as an average life span, the $805,000 figure would be the cost of life in prison. So roughly it is costing us $2 million more to execute someone than it would cost to keep them in jail for life. So why do we use capital punishment? One reason why the death penalty is so controversial is because many people feel it is a cruel way of punishment and it is not necessary, even if the crime is a murder, they believe there are other ways of conviction besides execution. In the case of an accidental death, feelings are that the perpetrators should have the right to live, but have to face each day with the fact that they killed someone weighing on their conscience. On the other hand, such as with an intended murder, the ideas are somewhat similar. They believe the murderer doesn’t deserve the death penalty. Chances are if a person is insane enough to kill another human being in the first place, they aren’t going to care what happens to them. They realize that their execution, in most cases, is going to be short and painless. This is not a punishment for someone who has inflicted severe pain upon someone else’s life life. Our court system, after giving a life sentence without parole, should not let t hese killers have the comforts they have in jail. They should be treated more or less like animals in a way. Therefore, let the ones who institute a crime unwillingly live, but do not let the punishment be as severe as it would for a voluntary criminal. There are a many people who believe that increasin... Free Essays on Death Penalty Capital punishment has been a cause for debate for many years, and people continue to disagree on the topic. There are many reasons why the death penalty should be used, but the three most important are that it deters potential murderers from committing crimes, it saves our government money in the long run, and most importantly, it guarantees that these convicted murderers will not kill again. Why does the United States need capital punishment? The main purpose of the death penalty is to protect the rights of other Americans to live. In his book, The Law, Federic Bastiat writes, â€Å"humans have inalienable rights that existed outside of and before government. These rights are life, liberty, and property. The only legitimate purpose of government is to protect these rights. When one person infringes on another’s rights, he must be punished. To do this, the punishment must be harsh enough to deter potential criminals†(Bastiat). This punishment is of the harshest form, b ut it is necessary to maintain order. Is capital punishment in fact a deterrent? Studies show that it most definitely is. In fact, of the fourteen states that have at one time or another abolished the death penalty, murder has increased by seven percent. Likewise, a study by Stephen K. Layton at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill showed that each execution in the United States deters an average of eighteen murders (Lowe). If the death penalty were in-acted in a swifter manner, it would most likely deter even better. The average amount of time spent on death row is ten years! John McAdams, a professor of Political Science at Marquette University sums it up best: â€Å"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed a bunch of murderers. If we fail to execute murderers, and in so doing would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, t... Free Essays on Death Penalty Research Paper- Death Penalty Capital punishment has been in use since the ancient times; it was common among all ancient civilizations. Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Hebrews, Persians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese prescribed it for a variety of crimes, including acts that today are considered minor offenses or not crimes at all (McCuen). In recent centuries the use of the death penalty has been a controversial issue in today’s society. Some people believe that capital punishment can reduce the rate of the crime happening and relieve the pain of victims and their families. On the other hand, some people consider that capital punishment denies humans’ right to live and is inhumane (Nathanson). In the community today, whether or not the death penalty should be in use to punish criminals is also a difficult decision for the justice system and class representatives. Death penalty is also known as capital punishment, this is the most severe form of corporal punishment, as it requires law enforcement officers to kill the offender (Duhaime & co. Legal Dictionary). Methods of execution have somehow always fulfilled the aims of torture and revenge – nowadays surreptitiously – and usually in a highly dramatic way. There were many kinds of cruel executions such as burring the condemned alive, pinning people on the wooden cross, drowning in ponds, stoning to death, thousand cuts, and many other inhumane executions. In the 19th century, humanitarians demanded for less torturous methods to execute offenders. These methods include electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and lethal injection (McCuen). All the states with death penalty have the method, lethal injection (Death Penalty Information Center). The purpose of the death penalty is to punish the offender of the laws and rules and use death as a threat to prevent crimes. But in fact, the death penalty does little to prevent crime. It’s the fear of apprehension and the ... Free Essays on Death Penalty The Death Penalty In the highly debated issue of whether the death penalty is just, I choose to voice my opinion. The death penalty to me is almost an easy way out. Does killing fix killing? Are we living in Babylonian times under Hammurabi? I don’t think so. It’s not so much the fact that we are killing killers, it’s the fact that we are simply wasting and eliminating them from society where they could be used to do better things. A lot of people think and voice that the death penalty is the most correct way to deal with brutal murderers. They should also believe that if you get caught raping someone your Johnson should be cut off. They should also believe that the punishment for stealing should be the removal of your hands. Its nonsense. I’m not going to argue this against a family whose loved one has been murdered. That’s just silly. All the family wants is some justice for the loss of their own. The justice they feel necessary is the chair or the needle which is totally understandable. But don’t you think that the murderer is almost getting off easy? Wouldn’t it be more of a punishment to be condemned to hard labor or devoting your life to the family you have so dearly hurt? A lifetime in solitary is not a fun and exciting thing. I feel that there should be fewer executions a year. And these executions should be for extreme cases. Bin Laden should be executed. McVeigh should have been executed. Only people of that stature and of such heightened single acts of violence should get the chair. I watched a special on HBO about 3 months ago about a 30 year old woman named Wanda Jean or Jeannie. She was charged and convicted of the murder of her girlfriend in the first degree. Jeannie was drugged up at the time and is also a borderline retard (literally) with an I.Q. below 70. The act of violence came out of rage in which she had no reasonable thought of her actions. Yes. Jeannie did kill. Jeannie was sentenced... Free Essays on Death Penalty DEATH PENALTY Many people will argue that capital punishment is inappropriate as a proper means of punishment for murder and rape. The truth is the death penalty is the most effective form of retributive justice for those crimes. The death penalty is a fitting punishment for violent crime because executions maximize public safety through a form of incapacitation and deterrence. The death penalty has been around since the days of Moses and it is still around today. The reason for this is simply because it works. The Jews believe that the death penalty was God-given and therefore a necessary part of their religious and judicial system. The Jews use the death penalty to punish such grotesque offenses as bestiality and incest to somewhat minute charges of striking, cursing, or mere disobedience to one's parents. The methods the Jewish people use to inflict capital punishment are as varied as the crimes for which it is used: Stoning, burning, hanging, beheading, and several more less popu lar methods. If we look at the Roman Empire we see that crucifixion was a popular mode of execution because, not only did it get rid of the problem, it also punished the criminal with a great deal of torture. Crucifixion is probably the most cruel way to execute someone and therefore one of the most effective ways to deter crime. Crucifixion involved hanging a person to a device called a cross. The person first had to carry his cross through his hometown and to the place of his death. This further helped to deter crime since few people want their family and friends to witness such a humiliating experience. The criminal was then tied or nailed to the cross with his knees bent. The cross was then lifted up and set into a hole in the ground. This force would dislocate every joint in the body of the criminal. While the criminal hanged there, he could push himself up on a foot pedestal so that he could breathe. Eventually the man grew tired, suffocated, and died.... Free Essays on Death Penalty Death Penalty Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill, or not to kill, this is an extremely controversial question in today’s society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, â€Å" an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruel and unjust way of punishment. Should we keep it or not? And if it is kept, how do we determine who should be sentenced to death? An easy way to answer these questions is to totally nullify capital punishment completely. One reason why the death penalty is so controversial is because many people feel its cruel ways of punishment are unnecessary, even if the crime is murder, whether it be premeditated or unintentional. They believe there are other ways of condemnation besides execution. In the case of an unintentional death, feelings are that the perpetrators should have the right to live, but have to face each day with the fact that they killed someone weighing on their conscience. On the other hand, such as with a voluntary murder, the ideas are somewhat similar. They believe the murderer doesn’t deserve the death penalty. Chances are if a person is insane enough to kill another human being in the first place, they aren’t going to care what happens to them. They realize that their execution, in most cases, is going to be short and painless. This isn’t a just punishment for someone who has inflicted severe pain upon another life. Our court system, after initiating a li fe sentence without parole, should not offer these killers the comforts they have in jail. They should be treated more or less like animals. In short, let the ones who institute a crime unwillingly live, but do not let the punishment be as severe as it would for a voluntary crimi... Free Essays on Death Penalty Everyday, thousands of innocent people are murdered by vicious criminals who have no regard for life. These criminals are taking mothers, fathers, and children from their families for no reason. Yet, there are thousands of people who criticize the death penalty. They will give emotional speeches about the one innocent man or woman who might accidentally get an execution sentence. However, all of these people are forgetting one crucial element. They are forgetting the thousands of innocent victims who die each and every year by the hands of cold blooded murderers. Who deserve much worse than the death penalty. I, as well as many others, have total confidence in the death penalty. It is a vital component of our justice system. The death penalty saves lives by stopping those who murder from ever murdering again. Not only that, it prevents potential murderers from ever committing the crime. Unfortunately, the death penalty is currently used so rarely that it is not nearly as effective as it could be. In order for it to work, we must put it into practice more often. In recent years, crime in America has been on the rise, in particular, violent crime. This has led not only to an overcrowding of prisons in our country, but also to an increase in the number of death sentences handed down by the courts. Despite the fact that the number of inmates on death row is climbing, the number of death sentences actually carried out in any given year is far behind. People simply aren’t fearful of the death penalty when it isn’t used the way it should be (Stewart 50). If the death penalty has been declared legal, then the federal and state governments must employ it to its fullest as a means of stopping previous murderers from recommitting their crimes. Since most of the prisoners on death row are there for murder, executing them would ensure that they would never kill again. Obsessive murderers, who know no alternative to killing, need to ... Free Essays on Death Penalty The Debate over the merits of capital punishment has endured for years, and continues to be an extremely indecisive and complicated issue. Adversaries of capital punishment point to the Marshalls and the Millgards, while proponents point to the Dahmers and Gacys. Society must be kept safe from the monstrous barbaric acts of these individuals and other killers, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. At the same time, we must insure that innocent people such as Marshall and Millgard are never convicted or sentenced to death for a crime that they did not commit. Many contend that the use of capital punishment as a form of deterrence does not work, as there are no fewer murders on a per- capita basis in countries or states that do have it, then those that do not. In order for capital punishment to work as a deterrence, certain events must be present in the criminal's mind prior to committing the offence. The criminal must be aware that others have been punishe d in the past for the offence that he or she is planning, and that what happened to another individual who committed this offence, can also happen to me. But individuals who commit any types of crime ranging from auto theft to 1st-Degree Murder, never take into account the consequences of their actions. Deterrence to crime, is rooted in the individuals themselves. Every human has a personal set of conduct. How much they will and will not tolerate. How far they will and will not go. This personal set of conduct can be made or be broken by friends, influences, family, home, life, etc. An individual who is never taught some sort of restraint as a child, will probably never understand any limit as to what they can do, until they have learned it themselves. Therefore, capital punishment will never truly work as a deterrent, because of human nature to ignore practised advice and to self learn. There are those who claim that capital punishment is in itself a form o... Free Essays on Death Penalty Crime in today’s world has become more gruesome with the times. With the crimes comes jail, so more jails are being built for the prisoners. More people are be criminals are being sent to jail and getting the death penalty. Some feel that the death penalty is also a gruesome act of murder. People who commit crimes get what they deserve and if that’s the death penalty they should get it, because they are taking up our space and our time. Crimes have become a major pollution in this country. If people want to commit crimes so badly they should pay for what they do. Gangs and organized crime have added more to this countries problems. Some people think it is fun or they are deranged. To put it simply, they shouldn’t do the crime if they can’t do the time. Even though some people are committing crime and some of them are getting away with it. Today’s law system has many loop holes in it. This is what is putting gangs, drug dealers, and bad people on the streets. Lawyers are key weapons for these type of people, the lawyers help them get away with anything. A lot of people have been convicted of crimes and got away with it, do to their lawyers. The death penalty is a good punishment because people in this country deserve to feel safe. Some countries have had their crime rates lowered due to the abolishing of the death penalty, but we live in the U.S.A., country of lawyers, where money talks, and you can’t trust anyone. The death penalty is good because most people are afraid of death. Even though the death penalty is gruesome to some, it is good for our nation because of the thing we have running around in our streets. This is why the death penalty is good. To put it plain and simple the death penalty is an efficient way to lower crime in this country. Lawyers, and money absolutely aren’t helping this country and it crime. People in this country should be able to trust each other but, ... Free Essays on Death Penalty Capital Punishment Is it really cruel and unusual? Is the death penalty really cruel and unusual punishment? Murder is only cruel and unusual punishment to the victim. Criminals executed do not become repeat offenders. In the Death Penalty argument’s, There are four main reasons for punishment: rehabilitation (to return someone to a former status), reformation (to re-form or re-create an individual), deterrence (to deter others or to deter the person punished), and retribution (an eye for an eye). The death penalty is a punishment to a person in which the person is put to death for a very serious crime they have committed, usually when they take another person's life. Our state(S) and federal legislators have created laws that specifically identify which crimes a person commits that can be punishable by the death penalty. The death penalty is seen as a deterrent to increasing and more serious crime. If members of the society know that if they commit serious crimes they could be put to death for it, they are less likely to commit these crimes. However, there is great disagreement in our society about whether it is a true deterrent to crime or not. When I think of the thousands of inhabitants of Death Rows in the prisons in this country...my reaction is: "What's taking us so long? Let's get that electrical current flowing. Whenever I argue this with friends who have opposite views, they say that I don't have enough regard for the most marvelous of miracles - human life. However, it is just the opposite. It is because I have so much regard for human life that I favor capital punishment. Murder is the most terrible crime there is. Some people say that the death penalty is not a deterrent. Dismissing capital punishment on that basis requires us to eliminate all prisons as well because they do not seem to be any more effective in the deterrence of crime. Others say that states which do have the death penalty have higher crime... Free Essays on Death Penalty The worst thing that could happen to anyone is to have his/her life taken away from him/her. If you die by someone’s elses cause, then the murderer must be killed as well, thats why I support the death penalty. The death penalty brings justice and relief to the family of the victim. No one has the right or power to take away the life an innocent human being. Only god has the right to take away our lives, because most of us know that god gave us life to begin with. I am not the only one that believes that the death penalty is the only solution for justice, but several other people would agree to my opinion. Edward Koch is someone that would agree that the death penalty brings justice. He provided a few examples which I found interesting on why we should practice the death penalty. One of the things that Edward koch said in his essay that I found to be true is when he said in his essay that â€Å" Human life deserves speacial protection, and one of the best ways to guarantee that protection is to assure that convicted murderers do not kill again. Only the death penalty can accomplish this end†( Edward I. Koch, 240). People who kill once are very likily to kill a second time, and so the death penalty will assure that murderers would not get away with murder for the second time. Murderers in the past have been released and got away with another murder, â€Å" In a recent case in New jersey, a man named Richard Biegenwald was freed from prison after serving 18 years for murder; since his release he has been convicted of commititing four murders† ( Edward I. Koch, 241). Another similar example is â€Å" A prisoner in named Lemuel Smith, who, while serving four life sentences for murder in New York’s Green Haven prison, lured a woman corrections officer into the chaplain’s office and strangled her†( Edward I. Koch, 241). As you can see it only makes sense to have the death penalty, because it stops and gets rid of criminals who have ... Free Essays on Death Penalty When it comes to the death penalty I feel that it is very cruel and it should not be practiced in the U.S. Many other countries in the world have outlawed it yet the U.S. still keeps it as form of punishment. Killing a person is wrong under intentional circumstances. People can always be forgiven and they should always get a second chance in life, even if they have made a horrible mistake. Sometimes the death penalty is given to a â€Å"guilty† person, but then they later found out that the person was innocent. The authorities have just hurt the family of that person and everyone else that surrounded them. I believe that any form of the death penalty is inhumane. It is the worst form of punishment that they shouldn’t be receiving. Jail time might make the guilty person realize just what they have done wrong. We were all created by God and we should be taken from this world within his will. People shouldn’t be forced to leave this world. People that are for the de ath penalty say that it is a just form of punishment, just to remove them from this world so that they are not capable of doing anymore crime. I think that if you punish them well, such as a long period of time in jail, than they should probably learn their lesson. And murdering a person is not a just form of punishment. It is very vindictive. Even though authorities claim that very few people receive the death penalty, there are more people that receive it than those that the media represents. The death penalty can not just hurt the person receiving it but their family and friends as well. Through anger it might cause a loved one to accidentally commit a crime because they aren’t in the right mind and they want revenge on authorities. God doesn’t promote the death penalty, and if punishments are going to be handled properly than the death penalty should be banished and not used anymore in the States. Although it is seen as a good way to get rid of criminals, it isnâ⠂¬â„¢t r... Free Essays on Death Penalty Life or Death Capital punishment has been an emotionally charged issue in the United States for over two hundred years. This is easy to understand, since the taking of another human’s life, even by court order is irrevocable. The purpose of this essay is to give you background information so that you can be informed regarding the pro’s and con’s involved in this issue. Forming an opinion about capital punishment is something you must decide for yourself. The three basic aspects of the issue are: the moral factors; [Is it Just], the legal factors; [Is it administered according to the rules], and the practical factors [Does it prevent Crime]. First we will talk about capital punishment as it took place in early America starting with the Massachusetts Bay Colony of 1636. â€Å"The Capital Laws of New England,† listed these â€Å"crimes† as worthy of the death sentence: Idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, murder (excluding self defense) assault in sudden anger, sodomy, buggery, adultery, statutory rape (death sentence optional), man stealing, perjury in a capital trial, and rebellion (Worsnop 200). Executions were public displays until the mid-nineteenth century. It was believed that public display would by example deter crime. In the early nineteenth century, public hangings were occasions for sadistic celebrations where thieves and pickpockets joined the onlookers in merriment (Worsnop 200). Between 1930 and 1950, executions in the U.S. ranged between 117-199. A murderer â€Å"lived with the expectation that he might forfeit his own life in return† with a 1 in 25 chance, whereas in 1992 that probability dropped to 1 in 625(Tucker 24). By the latter part of that century it was recognized that such publicity seemed to serve no deterrent effect. Practically speaking, law enforcement officials [today] don’t consider the death penalty as an effective deterrent. According to a new national poll of 386 police chiefs and sher... Free Essays on Death Penalty At the dawn of the 21st century, the death penalty is considered by most civilized nations as a cruel and inhuman punishment. It has been abolished de jure or de facto by 106 nations, 30 countries have abolished it since 1990. However, the death penalty continues to be commonly applied in other nations. China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the United States and Iran are the most prolific executioners in the world. Indeed, the US is one of six countries (including also Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen) which executes people who were under 18 years-old at the time they committed their crimes. While international documents have restricted and in some cases even banned the death penalty, its application is still not against customary international law. Much debate continues in the US as to whether it constitutes an appropriate punishment, at least to the most heinous crimes. In recent years, the debate has been further fueled by the use of new technologies which have shown that a large proportion of people sentenced to death are, indeed, innocent.... Free Essays on Death Penalty Death Penalty Many Americans are astonished by the U.S.’s high murder rates and lack of abolition of the death penalty when in comparison with other countries. The U.S. is very far behind when it comes to abolishing the death penalty. Capital punishment caught my attention because I always see people in the news protesting against it, so I decided that I wanted to learn a little more about it. Over time the death penalty has evolved in many different countries. Stoning to death, a practice of the Jews, was one of the first recorded methods of punishment. Crucifixion was one of the most brutal and painful ways of capital punishment. Romans practiced it during New Testament times. The death penalty was later publicly inflicted by the guillotine in France, Belgium, Denmark, Hanover, and two cantons of Switzerland. Today, the death penalty has become much more private and technologically advanced with the invention of the electric chair and lethal injection. Unusually, the U.S. is behind the rest of the world in one aspect, which is the abolition of the death penalty. More than half the countries of the world have abolished practicing the death penalty. Statistics say that more than two countries on average a year have abolished the death penalty in law since 1976. Worldwide abolition is not a myth and it is in the near future. Europe has designed a European Union which is a capital punishment free zone. Internationally, the death penalty will soon become a criminal punishment of the past. When the U.S.’s reputation of sophistication is considered, many Americans are astonished at the murder rates of the U.S. The U.S. murder rate is about six times higher than any other industrialized country. Crime rates in the U.S. have dropped considerably over the past 20 years except for the murder rate. Even though the U.S. practices the death penalty, it’s murder rates are still higher than the murder rates of countrie... Free Essays on Death Penalty The Death Penalty Reflection to Editorial Capitol punishment is necessary in order for justice to be prevailing. Capitol punishment is the execution of criminals for committing crimes, regarding so bad that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capitol punishment lowers the murder rate, but values as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. It is only fair by the judicial system. Another issue is that it saves money compared to the alternative of life in prison. The death penalty deters murder and prevents murderers from killing again by putting the fear of death in to would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he fear of death in to would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she thinks that harm will come to him. Another way t he death penalty may help deter murder is the fact that if the killer is death, he or she will not be able to kill again. There are two different opinions to the death penalty. 1) Those who feel that the killer deserves to live and serve a life sentence in jail. 2) Those who are supporters of the death penalty that feel that criminals should be punished for their crimes, and that it doesn’t matter whether it will deter crime. Both groups want to make examples out of offenders so that the threat of death will be enough to stop them from committing such horrible crimes. Some people might say to give the murder life in prison. To others this is hardly a punishment at all. Today a lot of prisoners don't serve their full sentence. Another thing is that prisoners today are living very comfortable. Some people feel that it is OK and others feel that criminals live in prison off of other people's hard money. In the ending criminals should think of the consequences before they kill someone, If they don't do this or did and still kill someone, they probably are mentally stable and need medical assistance. To give a killer the deat... Free Essays on Death Penalty Both Sides of Capital Punishment Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an intentional or criminal intent. In today's world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Many believe that these criminals deserve one fate: death. Capital punishment, the death penalty, is the maximum sentence used in punishing people who kill another human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. In most states, a person convicted of first degree murder has the potential to be given the death penalty. Capital punishment is a subject that can be counted upon to stir emotion and controversy into any conversation or argument. The very concept provokes a profusion of valid questions and opinions. Today's daily world of crime and violence calls for punishment of a severe nature, and many citizens argue that the punishment necessary is the death penalty. These people quote passages such as the "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" concept from the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible. Some people take the neutral position that there is no right or wrong answer, that each opinion on capital punishment is valid in its own way. Opponents of the death penalty claim that sentencing a person to death does not change the reality of the situation; the harm already done simply cannot be fixed from a vengeance standpoint. You cannot bring the murdered person back by taking the prisone r's life. Proponents of capital punishment tend to defend their opinion mainly on two grounds: death is a fitting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. The view of proponents of the death penalty in reference to the "let the punishment fit the crime" ideal is that, in the eyes of many law officials and citizens of the United States, if a crime is so serious that it causes irreversible damage or the loss of human life, then the only penalty for such crimes would be death for the... Free Essays on Death Penalty On April 8, 2002, Ray Krone was released from prison in Arizona after DNA evidence proved that he was not responsible for the 1991 murder of a Phoenix bartender. Krone became the 100th person exonerated and released from death row since 1973. Convicted twice for a brutal murder, Krone spent ten years in prison, two of them on death row. The DNA evidence that ultimately proved his innocence also implicated the real murderer. Unfortunately, Ray Krone’s story is not unique. As of February 2004, 113 inmates had been found innocent and released from death row. More than half of these have been released in the last 10 years. That means one person has been exonerated for every eight people executed. A study by Columbia University professor James Liebman examined thousands of capital sentences that had been reviewed by courts in 34 states from 1973 to 1995. â€Å"An astonishing 82 percent of death row inmates did not deserve to receive the death penalty,† he said in his conclusion. â€Å"One in twenty death row inmates is later found not guilty.† The vast majority of those exonerated were found innocent because someone came forward to confess committing the crime; key witness testimony was found to be illegitimate; or new evidence was found to support innocence In many other cases, it was good fortune rather than the criminal justice system that established innocence. In several cases, college or law school students investigated cases and unearthed essential evidence. For example, students in an investigative journalism class at Webster University uncovered evidence of misconduct by prosecutors, who talked a witness into giving false testimony and withheld crucial trial evidence, and helped get a new trial for Louisiana death row inmate Richard Clay. If it had not been for the work of these students, an innocent person may have been put to death. Although there has been much attention surrounding the use of DNA tes... Free Essays on Death Penalty Epstein and Kobylka’s analysis of the Supreme Court decisions are based on three factors. They look at the court itself, the political environment of the country and the role that interest groups play in Supreme Court decisions. The authors pay attention to the role of the NAACP legal defense fund and the ACLU as interest groups advocating for the abolition of the death penalty. In the years leading up to Furman the NAACP LDF took several approaches to fighting the death penalty. First they attempted to prove racial discrimination in the use of the death penalty. The Wolfgang report showed that black defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death than white defendants. However, the court rejected this line of reasoning. After this failed the NAACP turned its attention to the problem with unitary trials in which guilt and sentencing are established by the jury at the same trial. They also called attention to the problem with standardless sentencing in which the Jur y was given no clear cases in which to invoke the death penalty. While the court passed down several favorable rulings on for abolitionists in the 1960’s, such as Witherspoon v. Illinois and Baykin v. Alabama., these cases focused only on specifics of these cases and did not address the constitutional validity of unitary sentencing and standardless sentencing. In McGutha v. California and Crampton v. Illinois, abolitionists experienced a defeat. The court ruled that these practices were in fact constitutional. From here the courts moved to address whether the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment. In Furman v. Georgia, marked a major victory for the opponents of the death penalty. In 5 - 4 vote the court found that â€Å"Georgia’s procedures for implementing the death penalty violated constitutional guarantees.† The majority decision was not solid however. Douglas, Brennen and Marshall came out strongly against the death penalty. ... Free Essays on Death Penalty â€Å"THE DEATH PENALTY† The death penalty, or capital punishment which ever term you wish to use came into effect around the late 1960's, since then there are thirty-eight states with the death penalty; Georgia included, and twelve states without. Since the enactment of the death penalty in 1976 until today there has been a total of eight hundred and four people put to death, and about 4,000 intimates waiting to be executed. There are a lot of mixed emotions when it comes to the death penalty. Some people believe that the carrying out of the death penalty goes against a persons eighth and fourteenth amendment rights, and others believe that it will help deter crime. Many feel that the death penalty is such a cruel way to punish a person that they would rather them spend life in prison without parole. just like everything else putting someone to death cost a lot of money and it has to go threw a process. To give a person a death sentence there has to be a least 28 procedures necessary in making the decision. 1. The crime must be one listed as a capital crime in the penal codes. 2. A suspect must be identified and arrested. 3. Beginning with the bill of rights, the Miranda warning and the exclusionary rule U. S. criminal defendants and those convicted have, bu far, the most extensive protections ever devised and implemented 4. A panel of district attorneys determines if the case merits the death penalty as prescribed by the penal code. 5. A grande jury must indict the suspect of capital murder. 6. The suspect is presumed innocent, 7. The prosecution must prove to the judge that the evidence upon which the prosecution will rely is admissible, 8. The defendant is assigned two attorneys, county funds are provided to defense counsel for investigation and trial, 9. It takes 3-12 weeks to select a jury, 10. Trial is conducted, 11.... Free Essays on Death Penalty Mead Shumway of Nebraska was convicted of the first-degree murder of his employer’s wife on circumstantial evidence and sentenced to death by a jury. His last words before his execution were: â€Å"I am an innocent man. May God forgive everyone who said anything against me.† The next year, the victim’s husband confessed that he had murdered his own wife (Radelet, Bedau, Putnam 347). There are numerous amounts of incidents similar to the one depicted above that have repeatedly occurred throughout the course of history. Two highly distinguishable figures in the area of capital punishment in the United States, Hugo Bedau and Michael Radelet, discovered in 1992, at least 140 cases, since 1990, in which innocent persons were sentenced to death (Hook and Kahn 92). In Illinois alone, 12 death row inmates have been cleared and freed since 1987 (Execution Reconsidered). The most conclusive evidence in support of this â€Å"comes from the surprisingly large numbers of people whose convictions have been overturned and who have been freed from death† (Bedau 345). One out of every seven people sentenced to death row are innocent (Civiletti). That’s nearly 15% of death row inmates. The numbers are disturbing. Innocent people are becoming victims of the United States judicial system. A former president of the American Bar Association (ABA), John J. Curtin Jr., said it best when he told a congressional committee â€Å"Whatever you think about the death penalty, a system that will take life must first give justice. Execute justice, not people.† Though some of the innocent death row inmates have managed to escape their execution, there are numerous others who are unable to overturn their sentence through appeals. Many cases of innocence go unheard and result in the unfortunate fatality of an innocent. When the death penalty in 1972 was ruled unconstitutional in Furman v. Georgia, the Justices expected that the â€Å"adoption of narrowly crafted sent... Free Essays on Death Penalty Death Penalty Murder is unjustified intentional killing. It is not sufficient that there be justification (a sound reason) to kill somebody, the person doing the killing must kill for that reason. Thus, if I should shoot some random person in a drive by shooting, only to have it discovered later that, quite by coincidence, this was somebody who deserved to die, this would not mitigate against the fact that I committed murder. Capital Punishment, legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law. Throughout history people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading. Today capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging, or shooting. The death penalty is the most controversial penal practice in the modern world. Other harsh, physical forms of criminal punishment referred to as corporal punishment have generally been eliminated in modern times as uncivilized and unnecessary. In the majority of countries, contemporary methods of punishment such as imprisonment or fines no longer involve the infliction of physical pain. Although imprisonment and fines are universally recognized as necessary to the control of crime, the nations of the world are split on the issue of capital punishment. About 80 nations have abolished the death penalty and an almost equal number of nations (most of which are developing countries) retain it. The trend in most industrialized nations has been to first stop executing prisoners and then to substitute long terms of imprisonment for death as the most severe of all criminal penalties. The United States is an important exception to this trend. The federal government and a majority of U. S. states provide for the death penalty, and from 50 to 75 executions occur each year throughout the United States.... Free Essays on Death Penalty The Death Penalty Introduction: The death penalty is a hot topic on many people’s minds these days. From John Lee Malvo to innocent citizens on death row, everybody seems to have an opinion on this touchy subject. Having just returned from a semester studying abroad in Spain, my conversations with people from other cultures has altered my view on this controversial issue. Before these conversations, I would not consider myself an advocate of the death penalty, but I was definitely not against it. In fact, when confronted (unconfrontationally) by foreigners, I would support the federal death penalty, arguing that our streets were safer with these murderers and rapists getting what they deserved. I would argue that children and elderly women were being taken advantage of by these coward criminals and I would point to the instances when a paroled convict would be let free only to commit these inhumane crimes again. But when all was said and done, these people convinced me that maybe our leg al system wasn’t as fool proof as I had thought. Within this paper, I hope to show some of the factors that influenced my change of opinion. Background: The United States federal death penalty was first used on June 25, 1790, when Thomas Bird was hanged for murder in Maine. Since then, according to studies by the Capital Punishment Research Project, 336 men and 4 women have been executed under federal backing. Of these inmates, 134 (39%) were white; 118 (35%) black; 63 (19%) Native American; and 25 (7%) were Hispanic or unknown. The federal government has utilized hanging, electrocution, and the gas chamber to execute these 340 prisoners. The majority of inmates were executed for murder or crimes resulting in murder, but convictions for piracy, rape, rioting, kidnapping, and spying and espionage also yielded federal executions. The Questions: As presented in class, sociologists generally use two definitions in the identificatio... Free Essays on Death Penalty The most severe form of punishment of all legal sentences is that of death. This is referred to as the death penalty, or capital punishment; this is the most severe form of corporal punishment, requiring law enforcement officers to actually kill the offenders. It has been banned in numerous countries, in the United States, however an earlier move to eliminate capital punishment has now been reserved and more and more states are resorting to capital punishment for such serious offenders namely murder. â€Å"Lex talionis,† mentioned by the Bible encourages â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† mentality, and people have been using it regularly for centuries. We use it in reference to burglary, adultery, and various other situations, although, some people enforce it on a different level, some people use it in reference to death. An individual may steal from those who have stolen from him, or an individual wrongs those who have wronged him, but should an individual have the right to kill to seek retaliation? Four issues are on the hot topic in the United States, stirring up America’s feeling towards this issue. There is controversy debating capital punishment today and whether or not it works, or if it is morally right. We have a certain privilege in our own lives, but should the lives of others belong to us as well? Do we have the right to decide on the lives of others; of people we may not even know? If we find someone guilty of murder, we sentence him to death. This makes us murders ourselves, but is there possibility in justifying these acts? Those who assist in the death penalty are they not partners in crime? Is death penalty a cruel and unusual punishment or is it now just a necessary tool in the war crime? The use of death penalty has actually declined throughout the industrial Western World since the 19th century. In 1972, a movement in America to have death penalty declared unconstitutional arose, during the landmark ca... Free Essays on Death Penalty The Unites States is one of the only industrialized countries in the world that imposes the death penalty on its citizens. One of the flaws of the death penalty is that it is imposed on the poor more frequently because they can’t afford to hire adequate representation and must rely on public defenders that are, in most cases, over worked and under paid. Another problem with the death penalty is that innocent people are at risk of being put to death. There have been hundreds of cases where innocent people have been released from death row. The death penalty in our country places innocent people at risk of being put to death. According to The American Civil Liberties Union, since 1976 more than 100 prisoners convicted of capital crimes and sentenced to death were released from death row with having strong evidence of their innocence. (ACLU) DNA tests played a major role in providing their innocence. Wrongful convictions often result from false confessions, which are frequent among juveniles and the mentally retarded, mistaken eyewitness evidence, jail house snitches, white collar fraud and prosecutorial abuse. (ACLU) While doing research for this paper I came across the story of Earl Washington. To make a long story short, Mr. Washington was mentally retarded and was sentenced to death in 1984 after falsely confessing to rape and murder of a woman in Virginia. DNA tests conducted after he was sentenced to death proved that he was not the rapist. Mr. Washington was ultimately released but not until after he served 16 years in prison, 14 of them on death row, for a crime he did not commit. (ACLU) The death penalty is unfair to the economically challenged. I am going to share a quote from Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, April 9th 2001. â€Å"I have yet to see a death case among the dozens coming in which the defendant was well represented at trial†¦ People who are well represented at trial do not get the death pena... Free Essays on Death Penalty Death Penalty Argument (against) The topic of the Death Penalty has been a heated debate for centuries and now with the state of Illinois pardoning all death row inmates, I thought I would touch on the subject. This essay is AGAINST the death penalty. The biggest argument against the death penalty is that it has shown to have tendencies of being racist. Over 80% of people on death row are convicted of killing a white person. According to the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty more than half of the people murdered in the United States are black. Also according to the NCADP 90% of the people sought after by prosecutors for execution are either Black or Latino. Another misconception about the death penalty is that executing is cheaper than housing the offenders in prison. Data shows that an offender taken through the process of arrest all the way through execution often costs one million dollars to three million dollars. On average the cost of life without parole is $500,000 almost half of what it costs to execute. In 1991 New Jersey spent $16 million to impose the death penalty. The next year the state laid off 500 police officers because they could not afford to pay them. The death penalty has also not proven to be deterrence to committing such offenses as murder, rape, and other violent offences. Countries with the highest murder rates that do not oppose the death penalty are about 21.6 per population of 100,000 and the countries with the highest murder rates that do impose the death penalty are about 46.1 per 100,000. Thus these states do show that the death penalty could actually be related to increasing violence. In considering all these arguments one could easily have a new perspective on the death penalty and change to an anti-death penalty stance....